Phenotype How a Gene Is Expressed As a Physical Trait

Phenotype is defined as an organisms expressed physical traits. Phenotype is determined by an individuals genotype and expressed genes, random genetic variation, and environmental influences. Examples of an organisms phenotype include traits such as color, height, size, shape, and behavior. Phenotypes of  legumes include pod color, pod shape, pod size, seed color, seed shape, and seed size. Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype An organisms genotype determines its phenotype. All living organisms have DNA, which provides instructions for the production of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. DNA contains the genetic code that is also responsible for the direction of all cellular functions including mitosis, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and molecule transportation. An organisms phenotype (physical traits and behaviors) are established by their inherited genes. Genes are certain segments of DNA that code for the production of proteins and determine distinct traits. Each gene is located on a chromosome and can exist in more than one form. These different forms are called alleles, which are positioned on specific locations on specific chromosomes. Alleles are transmitted from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. Diploid organisms inherit two alleles for each gene; one allele from each parent. Interactions between alleles determine an organisms phenotype. If an organism inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait, it is homozygous for that trait. Homozygous individuals express one phenotype for a given trait. If an organism inherits two different alleles for a particular trait, it is heterozygous for that trait. Heterozygous individuals may express more than one phenotype for a given trait. Traits can be dominant or recessive. In complete dominance inheritance patterns, the phenotype of the dominant trait will completely mask the phenotype of the recessive trait. There are also incidences when the relationships between different alleles dont exhibit complete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the dominant allele does not mask the other allele completely. This results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the phenotypes observed in both alleles. In co-dominace relationships, both alleles are fully expressed. This results in a phenotype in which both traits are independently observed. Genetic Relationship Trait Alleles Genotype Phenotype Complete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red flower Incomplete Dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Pink flower Co-dominance Flower Color R - red, r - white Rr Red and white flower Phenotype and Genetic Variation Genetic variation can influence the phenotypes seen in a population. Genetic variation describes the gene changes of organisms in a population. These changes may be the result of DNA mutations. Mutations are changes in the gene sequences on DNA. Any change in the gene sequence can change the phenotype expressed in inherited alleles. Gene flow also contributes to genetic variation. When new organisms migrate into a population, new genes are introduced. The introduction of new alleles into the gene pool makes new gene combinations and different phenotypes possible. Different gene combinations are produced during meiosis. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes randomly segregate into different cells. Gene transfer may occur between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossing over. This recombining of genes can produce new phenotypes in a population.

Philip K. Dick One of the More Prolific Science Fiction...

Philip K. Dick is one of the more prolific science fiction writers of the second half of the 20th century. His dark plots, themes, and characterizations differ greatly from those who preceded him. This has seemingly translated well onto the big screen, as at last count, nearly ten of his novels and short stories have been adapted into films. Several of these films have garnered critical acclaim for both their movie credentials and use of source material. Blade Runner, originally released in 1982 and based off a 1968 novel entitled Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? along with A Scanner Darkly, a 2006 film based off a book of the same name released in 1977, are two such examples. They provide an excellent base to compare the adaptations†¦show more content†¦Rather than rely heavily on action-oriented special effects, director Ridley Scott creates a futuristic environment that is at the same time both familiar and new to audiences. The sense of familiarity the viewer has wit h this future makes the modern advances in robotics and transportation introduced throughout the story more believable. In contrast, A Scanner Darkly is immediately noteworthy for its use of rotoscoping. The entire movie was first filmed as any normal movie would be. Afterwards, computer animators recreated the frames, using combinations of several techniques to create the appeal which director Richard Linklater envisioned. Though some would consider this a novelty, the rotoscoping helps recreate the distorted, dream-like sense of reality the characters in the film live in. Colors are flattened and perspective takes on a new feel, as the viewer sometimes feels detached from the environment, much like lead Bob Arctor feels on a daily basis while addicted to Substance D. Only time will tell if this technique still holds appeal after thirty years of like Blade Runner. As opposed to Blade Runner’s film noir style, A Scanner Darkly achieves its effect entirely post production. Both have a very strong impact and aid their respective storylines, so it is debatable as to which works better or has the more lasting appeal. What

Factors that led to the American declaration free essay sample

The stamp act congress were formed and they pleaded to the parliament o repeal the act. The act was repeal but the declaratory act took its place. Parliament did not admit the contention of the Americans that It was without power to tax them. On the contrary, It accompanied the repeal with a Declaratory Act. It announced that the colonies were subordinate to the crown and Parliament of Great Britain.. . [And] therefore had undoubted authority to make laws binding the colonies in all cases whatsoever.With the Declaratory act in place it gave way for the Townsend act to take action. In 1767, the Townsend act was passed by the reliant and it collected duties and customs on colonial imports and exports in the hands of British commissioners appointed by the king. It also Imposed a tax on lead, glass, paint, paper and tea. Lastly this act also gave the East Indian Company a monopoly on the import of tea. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that led to the American declaration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Americans saw all these the same way they saw the stomp act. For them, only their local assemblies had the right to tax them.A group of persons known as the writ of assistance gave warranty searches to revenue officers. In Massachusetts court, the writ of assistance was opposed by James Otis in as well. He said What a scene Every man, prompted by revenge, ill-humor, or wantonness to inspect the inside of his neighbors house, may get a writ of assistance. Others will ask it from self-defense; one arbitrary exertion will provoke another until society is involved in tumult and blood. The writ brought so much hate to the colony that John Adams then stated, Then and there, the child independence was born.This was the overturn for the people of the northern colonies. Furthermore, the all duties were repeal except for the tea. This led too revolt known as the Boston tea party where 90,000 tons of tea was thrown away by Boston activists. The Intolerable act was passed closing the Boston Harbor. Around this time many assemblies who opposed the parliament were dissolved. With assemblies being dissolved, colonies took on a new phase to move forward and began to claim their right as English men and that parliament were unlawful.In December 1775, the parliament passed the prohibitory act that seized all trades in America. America was now outside of the kings protection American ships and cargo was now fair game for Royal Navy. What gave a good inspiration for the Americans was Thomas Pains pamphlet common sense. Paine was not only against parliament but the king as well. He summed up that the British constitution was bases on aristocracy and monarchy and that Americans had no choice but independence. The Townsend act was the turning point in the American Revolution.